Portraits of Barbarians in Roman Art
If the essence of the Roman portrait was the depiction of an individual, then the portrait of the barbarian--by definition a category of non-person--would seem to be a contradiction. This lecture will explore a corpus of high-quality portraits of Roman date, style, and conception that depict subjects whose physiognomy and costume define them as non-Roman. Their ethnicity suggests barbarian status, yet they are individuals and lack the stereotypical rendering typical of the barbarians who battle Romans on sarcophagi and historical reliefs. The product of the Empire’s physical growth and social inclusiveness, these portraits raise fundamental questions of Roman identity and self-definition. The Cultural Messages of Roman Erotic Sculpture
Statues whose subjects are erotic (and even in some cases what we would call pornographic) are found in a variety of respectible, even elite, Roman private contexts. What was their meaning in these Vesuvian villas and urban gardens? The depiction of sex to ensure fertility and material prosperity is long recognized, while recent studies have connected sex with humor and luxurious pleasure. This paper will propose an additional reading: that erotic statues had a moralizing component. By virtue of their three-dimensionality, statues had an obvious analogy with their viewers that erotic scenes in paint or other media lacked; their visual immediacy made them important conveyers of the puritanical ideologies that repeatedly inhabited the Roman state.
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