ARCE-PA Lecture by Dr. Jessica Tomkins, Wofford College
2023-05-07 15:30 - 17:00 (America/New_York) | Penn Museum, 3260 South Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
ARCE-PA Lecture
Sunday, May 7 at 3:30pm
Penn Museum, Classroom L2
Speaker: Dr. Jessica Tomkins, Assistant Professor of History, Wofford College
Lecture Topic: Rethinking Old Kingdom Kingship
Abstract:
Following Champollion’s decipherment of hieroglyphs, our understanding of Egyptian society advanced at lightning speed with every new text published. However, this rapid pace of scholarship also caused certain early ideas to become engrained in the field as facts rather than interpretations or opinions. In recent decades, scholars have begun to question and break down some of these perceived “truths” such as that of a highly centralized government and the redistributive economy model for early Egyptian society. In doing so, it became clear that these earlier interpretations were based on Eurocentric understandings of the monarchy model of government. This lecture traces how and why the nascent Egyptian state was understood through this Eurocentric lens and the subsequent impact such modes of thinking have had in understanding the Egyptian political state, from the period of state formation through the Old Kingdom. This paper will contribute to the dialog on replacing our Eurocentric understanding of early ancient Egyptian kingship, statehood, and government with one based on African models, with an aim to place our interpretation of ancient Egypt back into its original African context.
Speaker Bio:
Dr. Jessica Tomkins is Assistant Professor of History at Wofford College. She was previously the Terrace Research Associate in Egyptian Art at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston and was the inaugural W. Benson Harer Egyptology Scholar in Residence at California State University, San Bernardino. Jessica was awarded a PhD in Egyptology from Brown in 2019 with a dissertation that examined the display and negotiation of power between the central and provincial governments as seen through Old Kingdom provincial mastabas at Dendera and El Kab. Her current research questions the model of government and modes of power in Old Kingdom Egypt.
Lectures are FREE for ARCE members. For non-ARCE members admission is as follows: $10 general admissions; $7 for Penn Museum members, Faculty & Staff; $5 for Students with ID (12 and under FREE).

Great Lecture: Saving the Archaeology and Monuments of Lower Nubia
2023-06-07 18:00 - 19:30 (America/New_York) | Penn Museum, 3260 South Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
Beginning in 1902, the archaeological sites and monuments of Lower Nubia were increasingly threatened by the construction of the series of dams on the Nile River at Aswan. By the early 1960s, the ancient land of Lower Nubia had vanished forever beneath the waters of Lake Nasser. Through international efforts, some of the cultural heritage of Lower Nubia was saved (including monuments like the temples of Abu Simbel and Philae); most other sites, such as the fortress of Buhen, a focus of work for the Penn Museum, were destroyed. This talk will examine these sites, the program of rescue archaeology, and the role of the Penn Museum in rescuing the archaeological heritage of Lower Nubia.
Speaker: Josef Wegner, Associate Professor of Egyptian Archaeology, Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations and Curator, Egyptian Section, Penn Museum

ARCE-PA Symposium in Honor of Dr. David B. O'Connor: Abydos Through the Ages
2023-06-10 09:00 - 17:00 (America/New_York) | Penn Museum, 3260 South Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
ARCE-PA Symposium in Honor of Dr. David B. O’Connor
Saturday, June 10, 9am-5pm
Hybrid Event: Penn Museum, Rainey Auditorium & Webinar
Lecture is FREE to attend, but requires registration for in-person and virtual options. Register here: https://www.penn.museum/calendar/1584/arce-pa-symposium
Symposium Topic: Abydos Through the Ages
Abstract:
ARCE-PA’s June 10 2023 symposium on the archaeology of Abydos will honor the legacy of Dr. David B. O’Connor. In 1967 O’Connor, then Curator of the University Museum’s Egyptian Section, started the Pennsylvania-Yale Expedition to Abydos. During the 1960s-1990s his research at Abydos focused on North Abydos with its cemeteries and temples linked with the cult of the Egyptian funerary god Osiris. Over the course of his later career, both at Penn and then at the Institute of Fine Arts, New York University, O’Connor was instrumental in fostering a broadening range of intensive archaeological activity at Abydos. New archaeological research occurred in numerous areas such as the late Old Kingdom to Middle Kingdom mortuary landscape of the Middle Cemetery, the royal funerary complexes of Kings Senwosret III and Ahmose at South Abydos, and the memorial temples of Kings Thutmose III and Ramses II. In 2009 O’Connor published Abydos: Egypt’s First Pharaohs and the Cult of Osiris, a book that examined the rich and ever-changing archaeological picture of ancient Abydos. With the continued sponsorship of the Penn Museum, Institute of Fine Arts/New York University, University of Michigan, and other institutions, the program of North American and Egyptian archaeologists working at Abydos, and in Egypt, has grown and prospered thanks to the foundation provided by O’Connor’s long dedication to Egyptian archaeology and the site of Abydos. The symposium will include lectures by scholars who started their careers under David O’Connor, examining past discoveries, their most recent archaeological research at Abydos, and the ways in which O’Connor shaped their own careers.
Abydos Symposium Speakers:
Dr. Matthew D. Adams, Senior Research Scholar, Institute of Fine Arts, NYU
Dr. Janet Richards, Professor of Egyptology in the Department of Middle East Studies, Univ. of Michigan and Curator of Dynastic Egyptian Collections at the Kelsey Museum
Dr. Josef Wegner, Professor of Egyptian Archaeology in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations and Curator in the Egyptian Section of the Penn Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology
Dr. Stephen Harvey, Director of the Ahmose and Tetisheri Project
Dr. Michelle Marlar, Director of Egyptian Archaeological Missions at the Houston Museum of Natural Science
Mr. Hazem Salah Abdullah, Senior Inspector, Sohag Antiquities Office, Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, EGYPT
Mr. Mohamed Abu El-Yazid, Senior Inspector, Sohag Antiquities Office, Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, EGYPT
Mr. Ayman Damarany, Inspector, Sohag Antiquities Office, Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, EGYPT
Dr. Sameh Iskander, Research Associate, Institute for the Study of the Ancient World (ISAW)
Dr. Diana Craig Patch, Lila Acheson Wallace Curator in Charge, Dept. of Egyptian Art, Metropolitan Museum
Coffee & Tea will be available starting at 8:30am. There will be a 1.5 hour break for lunch.

International Archaeology Day with His Excellency Ambassador Evangelos C. Sekeris, Permanent Representative of Greece to the United Nations
2023-06-22 18:15 (America/New_York) | The National Arts Club, 15 Gramercy Parks S., New York, NY, 10003, United States
June 22nd at 6:15 pm — His Excellency Ambassador Evangelos C. Sekeris, Permanent Representative of Greece to the United Nations, offers an International Archaeology Day lecture for the Archaeology Committee at the National Arts Club, 15 Gramercy Park South. He discusses how during antiquity Greek city states formed leagues to collaborate for their mutual protection and preserve Temples. Previous such programs have included Permanent Representatives to the United Nations from Croatia, Egypt, Malta, and Sri Lanka. Registration is through Eventbrite.
Upcoming Schedule:
June 22nd at 6:30 pm for International Archaeology Day in the Grand Gallery with His Excellency Ambassador Evangelos C. Sekeris, Permanent Representative of Greece to the United Nations. His topic relates to Amphictyony.

MesoAmerican Mirror Conjurors - the view from the Maya City Waka" by Dr. David Freidel
2023-09-10 14:00 (America/Chicago)
MesoAmerican Mirror Conjurors – the view from the Maya City Waka” by Dr. David Freidel, Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at Washington University. Lecture location will be held in the A T & T room in the lower level of the Missouri History Museum. Members are invited to join us in a lunch (dutch treat) in the Museum cafeteria at noon. – Magic mirror conjuring dates back to the first milllennium BC in MesoAmerica. The teotihuacan oracles used mirrors to bring forth the feathered gods, serpents and felines, and Maya mirror oracles learned those spells. The photograph is of a 4th century AD mirror oracle excavated with Burial 110 at Waka.

Preparing for Eternity: Funerary Models & Wall Scenes from the Old and Middle Kingdoms
2023-09-10 15:00 - 16:00 (America/Los_Angeles) | ARCE Egyptology Lectures Room 20 Social Sciences Building, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States
The American Research Center in Egypt, Northern California Chapter, and the Department of Middle Eastern Languages and Cultures, University of California, Berkeley, invite you to attend a lecture by Dr. Georgia Barker, Macquarie University/CSU San Bernardino:
Preparing for Eternity: Funerary Models & Wall Scenes from the Old and Middle Kingdoms
Sunday, September 10, 2023, 3 PM Pacific Daylight Time
Room 20 Social Sciences Building (formerly Barrows Hall)
UC Berkeley
About the Lecture:
During the late Old Kingdom to the end of the Middle Kingdom, there were two principal types of artistic representation in the ancient Egyptian elite tomb: funerary models and wall scenes. The two media exhibit several similarities in design, with both depicting people and animals engaged in activities of everyday life. This has caused scholars to regularly label funerary models duplicates or substitutes of wall scenes, implying that they served the same purpose in the tomb. However, there are several notable differences yet to be acknowledged. This lecture presents the results of a detailed comparative analysis of the two artistic media, focusing on representations from the sites of Meir, Deir el-Bersha and Beni Hassan in Middle Egypt. It will highlight the distinguishing characteristics of each medium and propose that funerary models should be understood as a distinct type of representation that was specifically conceived to provision the deceased for eternity.
About the Lecturer:
Dr. Georgia Barker is the W. Benson Harer Egyptology Scholar in Residence at California State University, San Bernardino, for Fall 2023. Before joining CSUSB, she completed a Doctor of Philosophy and a postdoctoral research fellowship at Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia. Her research investigates the purpose and historical significance of funerary art from the Old and Middle Kingdom periods. She has worked extensively with museum collections, including the Macquarie University History Museum and Sydney Living Museums in Australia as well as being a member of the British Museum’s Circulating Artefacts Project and an intern at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. She is also a member of the Australian Centre for Egyptology’s expeditions at Meir and Beni Hassan.
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Parking is available in UC lots all day on weekends, for a fee. Ticket dispensing machines accept debit or credit cards. Parking is available in lots around the Social Sciences Building, and in lots along Bancroft. A map of the campus is available online at http://www.berkeley.edu/map/
About ARCE-NC:
For more information, please visit https://arce-nc.org/, https://www.youtube.com/channel/NorthernCaliforniaARCE, https://facebook.com/NorthernCaliforniaARCE/, https://twitter.com/ARCENCPostings, or https://khentiamentiu.org. To join the chapter or renew your membership, please go to https://www.arce.org/general-membership and select “Berkeley, CA” as your chapter when you sign up.

The Life Cycle of Theban Tomb 16 in Luxor, Egypt
2023-09-16 15:30 - 17:00 (America/New_York) | Penn Museum, 3260 South Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
In-Person Lecture
Saturday, September 16 at 3:30pm
Penn Museum, Classroom L2
Speaker: Dr. Suzanne Onstine, Associate Professor of History, University of Memphis
Lecture Topic: The Life Cycle of Theban Tomb 16 in Luxor, Egypt
Abstract:
Since 2008, the University of Memphis mission to Theban Tomb 16 has been documenting, clearing, and studying this non-royal monument located on the west bank of the Nile near Luxor, Egypt in the so-called “Valley of the Nobles”. It was originally built for a priest named Panehsy and his wife Tarenu who lived during the time of Ramesses II (ca. 1250 BCE). Their beautifully painted tomb contains interesting details related to the posthumous cult of the deified Amenhotep I and Ahmose Nefertari, as well as funerary motifs and “daily life” scenes. The tomb was also reused for nearly 1000 years by later pharaonic-era Egyptians as their tomb. Their looted remains have provided many insights in health and mummification practices in post-New Kingdom Egypt. In this lecture we will explore Panehsy and his life, based on what is in his tomb, and the lives of the 100+ individuals who were also buried there. As part of the life cycle of the tomb, we will touch on issues such as the re-use of tombs, modern looting, and how our modern investigations can create a more holistic view of this monument.
Speaker Bio:
Dr. Suzanne Onstine is an Associate Professor in the Department of History at the University of Memphis. She received her B.A in Anthropology at the University of Arizona and her M.A and Ph.D. in Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations at the University of Toronto. In addition to being a co-PI for the National Science Foundation funded project “Methodology for Reconstructing Prior River Flow”, she currently directs the University of Memphis mission to Theban Tomb 16, the tomb of Panehsy in Dra abu el-Naga, Luxor and has done archaeology in Egypt for more than 25 years. She has published many works on religion and gender in addition to various aspects of work in TT16.
Lectures are FREE for ARCE members. For non-ARCE members admission is as follows: $10 general admissions; $7 for Penn Museum members, Faculty & Staff; $5 for Students with ID (12 and under FREE).

Coins and the Colosseum: How Numismatic Evidence Illuminates the Greatest Amphitheater
2023-09-17 15:00 (America/New_York) | STH (Academic South) 215, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada

Poseidon in the Saronic Gulf: Seascapes and Regional Cult in a Maritime Community
2023-09-19 18:00 (America/New_York) | Knowlton Hall 250, Ohio State University Campus, 275 West Woodruff Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States
Bass Lecture
AIA Poster Poseidon Sanctuaries Dunn

Student Reports from the Field
2023-09-19 19:30 - 21:00 (America/New_York)
To kick off our AIA Central Carolinas Society 333 archaeology lecture series this year, students from Davidson College, UNC–Charlotte, and Winthrop University will report on their experiences working in the field. One or more worked in Cyprus, Israel, Sicily, the Blue Ridge mountains, Guatemala, and Ecuador. Come and learn about these aspiring archaeologists’ dig adventures!
THIS LECTURE IS FREE AND OPEN TO THE PUBLIC. If you’re interested in archaeology, please join us.
Our lectures are sponsored by the Archaeological Institute of America, with funding from the Davidson College Public Lectures Committee, the Dean Rusk Program, and the departments of Africana Studies, Anthropology, Art, Classics, Educational Studies, History, and Latin American Studies.
Please support us by joining the Archaeological Institute of America for $50 (students $25), which includes a subscription to Archaeology magazine. Be sure to join Society 333, Central Carolinas!
https://www.archaeological.org/join/

Poseidon in the Saronic Gulf: Seascapes and Regional Cult in a Maritime Community
2023-09-20 18:00 (America/New_York) | University of Cincinnati, Blegen Library building, RM 308., 2600 Clifton Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, United States
Bass Lecture

Horses and the Sea in Ancient Greek Thought
2023-09-21 18:30 (America/New_York) | William T. Young Library Auditorium, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, United States

Ira Haupt II Lecture—Between Giant Statues and Indigenous Landscapes: Mont’e Prama and Iron Age Sardinia within the Wider Mediterranean
2023-09-22 18:00 - 19:00 (America/New_York) | The Met Fifth Avenue, 1000 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10040, United States
A lecture hosted by the New York City Society of the Archaeological Institute of America at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Rural Matters: Studying the Countrysides of Ancient Cyprus
2023-09-25 17:00 (America/New_York) | WEBINAR (Montreal), United States

Desert Kites – The Enigmatic Traps from the Air and on the Ground
2023-09-26 19:30 (America/Indiana/Indianapolis) | Jordan Hall 141, Butler University, 4600 Sunset Ave, Indianapolis, IN, 46208
Kershaw Lecture

Archaeology-Hour Livestream: Elise Friedland. “Classical Washington. Greece & Rome in the Art & Architecture of D.C.”
2023-09-27 17:00 - 18:00 (America/Los_Angeles) | Whitman College, Olin Hall 129, 920 E Isaacs, Walla Walla, WA, 99362, United States
In Washington, D.C., a “Hellenic Doric-style” temple (the Lincoln Memorial) sits at one end of the city’s central “forum” (The Mall), housing a colossal cult statue (Abraham Lincoln). A Roman “triumphal arch” monumentalizes the front of the main train depot (Union Station). Roman equestrian statues make assertions amidst circular plazas. This talk explores these juxtapositions in America’s capital city.
Please join us for a livestream presentation, and stay for an informal discussion afterward.

Currents and Commodities: How Oceanographic Effects Influenced the Prehistoric Colonization of Islands
2023-09-27 18:00 (America/Chicago) | ART 1.110, UT Austin Campus, 2301 SAN JACINTO BLVD, Au, TX, 78712

AIA Archaeology Hour with Elise A. Friedland
2023-09-27 20:00 - 21:00 (America/New_York)
Join the AIA for a fascinating evening as Elise A. Friedland (George Washington University) presents Classical Washington: Greece & Rome in the Art & Architecture of D.C.
This presentation will be given at 8pm Eastern/7pm Central/6pm Mountain/5pm Pacific.
Washington, D.C., is a city like no other in the United States. A Greek Doric temple (the Lincoln Memorial) sits at one end of the city’s central forum (The Mall), housing a colossal cult statue (Abraham Lincoln). A Roman triumphal arch monumentalizes the front of the main train depot (Union Station). Roman equestrian statues stand amidst circular plazas, celebrating victorious American generals (Andrew Jackson in Lafayette Plaza). This talk explores the role of Greek and Roman art and architecture in the planning, building and decorating of America’s capital city.

Magellan’s Pacific Crossing: New Discoveries in One of the World’s Greatest Voyages
2023-09-28 18:00 - 19:00 (America/Chicago) | Trinity University, Dickie Hall Room 104, One Trinity Place, San Antonio, TX, 78212, United States
Archaeology of Portugal lecture

Finding the God Osiris: Latest Excavations at Abusir and Saqqara
2023-09-28 18:00 - 19:00 (America/New_York) | Geological Lecture Hall, 24 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, United States
Free Hybrid Lecture
Miroslav Bárta, Charles University, Czech Institute of Egyptology
Miroslav Bárta will present the latest results from archaeological research at Abusir and Saqqara, two ancient Egyptian cemeteries. The exploration of several historically essential tombs dating to the Fifth Dynasty sheds new light on the rise and fall of the Old Kingdom empire and the introduction of the god of afterlife, Osiris, into ancient Egyptian society.
Free and open to the public. Free event parking at the 52 Oxford Street Garage. Presented by the Harvard Museum of the Ancient Near East and the Harvard Museums of Science & Culture.

Making Stone Tools Across the Millennia: Results from the Bandafassi Regional Archaeological Project survey in southeastern Senegal
2023-09-28 18:00 - 19:30 (America/Phoenix) | Zoom, Virtual, FL, 33155, United States
Matthew V. Kroot, PhD
Assistant Professor
Arizona State University
School of Human Evolution & Social Change
Stone tools in Africa are the earliest evidence we have of human material culture. Their shifting roles in societies over millions of years provide us with unparalleled insights into long-term human histories. As a part of a broader program of archaeological survey and excavation, the Bandafassi Regional Archaeological Project collected chipped stone artifacts from over 100 sites in southeastern Senegal. In this talk, I will present our analysis of these stone tools. Results show dramatic changes through time in raw material use, production methods, and the roles of stone tool economies in society. Additionally, our work highlights the essential role of chipped stone technology well after the introduction of iron smelting and access global trade markets during the Atlantic Period. This research demonstrates that large-scale regional studies of stone tool economies and a focused interest on chipped stone after the Stone Age can provide significant insights into the structures and practices of local communities embedded in regional and global social networks.

“700 Generations of the Spokane Tribe” A lecture by Warren Seyler, Spokane Tribe of Indians Tribal Historian
2023-09-28 18:30 - 20:00 (America/Vancouver) | Northwest Museum of Arts and Culture (MAC), 2316 West 1st Avenue, Spokane, Washington, 99201, United States
“700 Generations of the Spokane Tribe”
Warren Seyler’s talk will review what it was like for the Spokane ancestors when they lived as a semi-nomadic river people upon the Plateau. Oral traditional stories will be shared telling how this land was formed and how the first Spokane arrived at the location known today as the Spokane Falls. Seyler will delve into the life of the Spokane ancestors which was filled with song, ceremony and tradition built and based upon what the creator had instructed. Seyler will speak about the many attempts made by the Federal and State governments to rid the land and society of the tribal people living within the American landscape and will discuss the eras of war, reservation, boarding school, allotment, relocation and termination. Seyler will end his talk with how the tribe has endured, overcome and risen to what it is today.
Warren Seyler is the Spokane Tribe of Indians Tribal Historian and Curriculum Developer of the Spokane Tribe’s Natural Resource Department.
The lecture will be broadcasted in realtime via Zoom.
Zoom Link: https://us02web.zoom.us/j/84120684037?pwd=[REDACTED]
Meeting ID: 841 2068 4037
Passcode: [REDACTED]

Ruling Culture: Art Police, Tomb Robbers, and the Rise of Cultural Power in Italy
2023-10-02 17:00 (America/Chicago) | Bryant Hall 209, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, United States

Rome: "Urbs Pensilis": A Hanging City and its Hanging Gardens
2023-10-03 17:00 (America/New_York) | Goldwin Smith Hall, G22, Cornell University, 232 East Ave, Ithaca, NY, 14850, United States
Norton Lecture

NAGPRA: The Repatriation and Reburial of Angel Mounds
2023-10-03 18:00 - 19:00 (America/New_York) | University of Louisville Center for Archaeology and Cultural Heritage (CACHe), 1606 Rowan Street, Louisville, KY, 40203, United States
Passed in 1990, the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) provides a legal mechanism for the repatriation and return of Native American and Native Hawaiian ancestral remains and cultural items. In addition to the return of collections, consultation with federally recognized tribal nations is one of the most important components of this federal mandate. In 2021, Indiana University completed the Angel Mounds repatriation, the largest in Midwestern history. This project remains a valuable case study which highlights the complexities of working with a large archaeological collection, collaborating with numerous tribal nations, and navigating the challenges of finding respectful reburial lands.

The Settlement Ecology of Emerging Commercial Dairy Farming in 19th-century Upstate New York
2023-10-04 19:00 - 20:30 (America/Denver)
This lecture by Dr. Eric Jones (CU Boulder) discusses the development of commercial farming in the mid-19th century was a critical component of industrialization in the United States. It examines when, how, and why farmers in the Town of Fenner, New York began this transition and helped to create one of the most productive dairy industries in the country. The result was a focus on diversified farming and community economic well-being over individual financial independence.

Human-Animal-Divine Relationships in Cyprus: a Social Zooarchaeology of Sacrifice
2023-10-05 17:00 (America/New_York) | Boswell Hall 220, The College of William and Mary, 100 Ukrop Way, Williamsburg, VA, 23185, United States

Managing and Curating Yale University’s Numismatic Collection
2023-10-05 17:30 (America/New_York) | Herter Hall Room 601, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 300 Massachusetts Ave, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States
Metcalf lecture

Fighting Processes of Historical Erasure in Louisiana: Climate change, Industrial Development, and Cultural Heritage
2023-10-05 19:00 (America/New_York) | Pinnacle Room, Baldwin Hall, University of Georgia, 355 S. Jackson St, Athens, GA, 30602, United States
Stone lecture

San Francisco’s “Titanic”: The Loss of SS City of Rio de Janeiro
2023-10-10 18:00 - 21:00 (America/Los_Angeles) | San Francisco Maritime Museum, 900 Beach St, San Francisco, CA, 94109, United States
The 1901 shipwreck of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company’s SS City of Rio de Janeiro was the deadliest ever at the Golden Gate. Maritime archaeologist and historian James Delgado will share the story of the Rio, including its rumored “treasure” that never existed, and the discovery and rediscovery of the mud-shrouded hulk hundreds of feet deep. He will also share the stories of two less-known but tragic wrecks; SS City of Chester, and the USS Conestoga, which were also the focus of underwater archaeological discovery and surveys. Join us for a night of drama, tragedy, heroism and an undersea tour of these three ships in our local waters.
October 10, 2023
6:00-9:00 PM
Maritime Museum
900 Beach St
San Francisco, CA 94109
Tickets:
SFMNPA Members $40 (with promo code)
General Public $45
