This lecture gives an overview of collaborative archaeology and cultural heritage studies by the author and Brazilian colleagues with the Kuikuro Indigenous nation in the Território Indígena do Xingu (TIX) of the southern Brazilian Amazon. The project was Initiated in 1992, born out of joint activities developed for the UN ecological summit in Rio de Janeiro, and continues uninterrupted until today, including several phases of collaborative work sponsored by UF. During this time, three generations of Indigenous research participants have been trained in archaeological mapping and excavation, remote-sensed data collection and mapping with precision GPS and, more recently, lidar and photogrammetry by colleagues at the Museu Goeldi in Brazil and in the USA. These joint discoveries revealed a genuinely Amazonian form of pre-European urbanism, “garden cities,” which represents an important example of high population densities and sophisticated forest and wetland management systems in the Amazon before 1492. Over the past five years, lidar has revealed several similar cases of Indigenous urbanism and urbanized landscapes in the Amazon, but the Xingu is unique in the degree to which contemporary descendant communities carry on the legacy of these ancient civilizations, extending over two millennia in the TIX. Beyond these archaeological discoveries, this presentation explores questions of collaboration, knowledge sovereignty, and self-determination of the Kuikuro and other Indigenous peoples across the Amazon.